Cinquenta anos de Silent Spring

Rachel-Carson-and-Silent-SpringEm 1948 Rachel Carson, bióloga marinha, já sabia das consequências potencialmente devastadoras do acúmulo de defensivos agrícolas tóxicos (chamados de “biocidas” por Carson) em animais e plantas. Convencida da importância em tornar público o conhecimento sobre o perigo do acúmulo destas substâncias em plantas e animais, inclusive no homem, Carson procurou colegas para escrever um livro sobre o assunto. Mas não encontrou quem se dispusesse a fazê-lo. Buscou apoio financeiro, mas também teve dificuldade em conseguir. Decidiu, assim, assumir a responsabilidade em escrever e publicar o livro que seria considerado o marco inicial para o surgimento do movimento ambientalista: Silent Spring (“Primavera Silenciosa”), que neste ano completou 50 anos de publicação em 27 de setembro.

No seu livro Rachel Carson retrata um panorama bastante completo e complexo das consequências da utilização indiscriminada de defensivos agrícolas como o DDT, o DDD, o BHC, organofosforados e outros. Assim que foi publicado, seu livro foi também divulgado semanalmente pela revista The New Yorker, na forma de episódios. Embora a revista não tenha publicado a obra completa, nem foi preciso. O livro causou furor entre as empresas químicas e de defensivos agrícolas, como a Monstanto e a Dow Química. Muitos criticaram Carson como sendo uma histérica, que havia escrito um livro sem fundamento algum. A obra dividiu opiniões da sociedade americana, entre aqueles que acreditavam ser absolutamente necessário o uso de defensivos agrícolas tóxicos, e os que pediam a regulamentação severa, e até mesmo o abandono, do uso de vários agrotóxicos extremamente nocivos.

O livro de Carson levanta questionamentos importantes quando aparentemente tudo parecia certo sobre a necessidade em se produzir e utilizar substâncias químicas para melhorar a produção de alimentos, sem saber ou prever as consequências de se fazer uso das mesmas. A autora trabalhou durante 5 anos para escrever o livro, período em que esteve cada vez mais doente, tendo sido vítima de câncer de mama. Carson investiu toda sua energia para tentar esclarecer a sociedade sobre o problema da utilização massiva dos agrotóxicos, sendo extremamente objetiva, com uma persistência exemplar, realizando uma pesquisa extremamente detalhada buscando dar uma visão de longo alcance para sua obra. Sua pesquisa incluiu troca de correspondência diária, por carta, com pesquisadores de todo o mundo. Além de apresentar informações de forma extensa, Carson escreveu seu livro em um estilo pouco comum. Ao invés de ressaltar pontos e argumentos científicos para sustentar uma defesa contra o uso dos defensivos agrícolas tóxicos, apresentou questionamentos, inclusive sobre as evidências, levando o leitor a se envolver com o assunto. Não assumiu uma posição pelo leitor, mas amplificou as incertezas para que o público se envolva, participe e tome suas próprias decisões sobre o assunto. Mostrou, assim, ser uma questionadora extremamente honesta.

Rachel Carson praticamente previu a repercussão de sua obra, uma vez que buscou apoio, juntamente com sua editora Houghton Mifflin, de pesquisadores do assunto que estivessem dispostos a se pronunciar favoravelmente sobre o tema antes que o livro fosse publicado. Contudo, não viveu até que o uso do DDT fosse banido nos EUA em 1972. Seu livro serviu de ponto de partida para a implementação de políticas governamentais dos EUA, como a criação da Environmental Protection Agency em 1970, a publicação do Clean Water Act em 1972 e do Endangered Species Act em 1973. Além disso, em 1966 foi criado o Environmental Defense Fund por membros da sociedade civil, que serviu de ponto de partida para o surgimento do movimento ambientalista.

O livro vendeu mais de 2 milhões de cópias, graças a seu estilo didático e também pela divulgação feita pela The New Yorker. Em 1970, apenas 8 anos após a publicação do Silent Spring, os americanos elegeram a poluição como sendo o principal problema do país, à frente da Guerra do Vietnã e dos Direitos Civis. O sucesso do surgimento do movimento ambientalista se deveu, ao menos em parte, pela participação da população mais simples que vivia nos subúrbios das cidades. Perceberam que o ambiente e seus problemas estavam diretamente relacionados às suas vidas.

Algumas das principais consequências da publicação do Silent Spring:

– A Versicol, produtora do DDT, ameaçou processar tanto a editora do livro de Carson quanto a revista The New Yorker.

– Rachel Carson foi acusada de ser simpatizante do comunismo, por se presumir estar colocando em risco a alimentação do povo norte-americano.

– Carson teve o apoio público de John F. Kennedy, que estabeleceu um comitê nacional para investigar as consequências do uso excessivo de pesticidas.

– O uso do DDT foi banido nos EUA. Porém, com o consentimento que as empresas fabricantes continuassem exportando o produto.

– Carson foi acusada da morte de milhões de pessoas em todo o mundo por causa da malária, que é transmitida por picada de insetos que não podiam ser mais eliminados utilizando-se o DDT.

– Em todo o mundo foram implementadas regulamentações ambientais sobre as atividades industriais que geram resíduos tóxicos.

Após a publicação de Silent Spring o movimento ambientalista ganhou força política, e se expandiu em todo o mundo. Hoje as questões ambientais, que foram o principal tema da ECO-92 no Rio de Janeiro, parecem ter sido deixadas de lado, em decorrência do atual quadro econômico e por questões políticas de importância questionável face às necessidades urgentes da conservação da biodiversidade e das mudanças climáticas que afetam o planeta de maneira cada vez mais preocupante. Rachel Carson, dedicada e engajada como era, não iria gostar nada deste atual panorama.

Artigo publicado no Jornal da Ciência e-mail de 5/12/2012.

Atualização às 21:46 de 19-12-2012: para aqueles que se interessarem em ler uma análise sobre os questionamentos a respeito do livro Silent Spring de Rachel Carson, sugiro a leitura do capítulo sobre o mesmo tema, do livro “Merchants of Doubt”, de Naomi Oreskes e Erik M. Conway (aqui).



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8 respostas

  1. Caro Roberto
    .
    Vejo que estás voltando a atividade, e voltando a atividade num assunto polêmicos que me é muito grato.
    .
    O caso do banimento internacional do DDT, inseticida de baixo custo, com a patente vencida e que permitia o avanço do combate a malária em todo o terceiro mundo, é algo enigmático. Muitos pensam que a vitória de Rachel Carson foi contra a perigosa indústria química, mas a criação de novos inseticidas, mais caros e muitas vezes inviáveis para países pobres do terceiro mundo, com o aumento a cada dia do poder desta indústria, me parece que foi exatamente ao contrário.
    .
    Voltarei a comentar este artigo com maiores dados, porém sugiro que leiam um forte contraponto a esta imagem romântica e épica que foi criado em torno de Rachel Carson em
    http://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/05/science/earth/05tier.html?_r=0

  2. Caro Roberto.

    Se achas que o assunto é algo definitivamente encerrado sugiro que leias “Pesticides and Breast Cancer Risk: A Review of DDT, DDE, and Dieldrin” de Suzanne M. Snedeker, publicado em Environmental Health Perspectives • VOLUME 109 | SUPPLEMENT 1 | March 2001.
    Me parece que está bem longe de se encerrar o assunto, agora não vejo com tanta insistência nenhum artigo científico que tenha calculado quantos milhões de pessoas que morreram depois do ressurgimento da malária, causada principalmente por pressões internacionais contra o uso do DDT e substituição deste por outros pesticidas “menos letais” e por coincidência mais caros e menos efetivos no combate ao vetor desta doença.
    Sei que para químicos e bioquímicos é instigante e interessante a pesquisa de novos compostos, como também sei que esta pesquisa paga pelas grandes indústrias químicas é fonte de recursos pequenos para os pesquisadores e imensos para as indústrias.
    A defesa emocional procurando misturar coisas claras e inequívocas com assuntos em que as dúvidas são maiores do que a certeza, por exemplo, o fumo com o DDT, a poluição gerada pela combustão de combustíveis fósseis com a emissão pura e simples de CO2, é uma estratégia bem manipulada por muitos, inclusive pelo livro que colocas como sugestão de leitura, esta defesa emocional e pouco leal procura dicotomizar as opiniões, os corruptos vinculados aos grandes trustes (fumo, indústria química, petróleo) e os outros, vestais e idealistas que só pensam no futuro da humanidade (diga-se de passagem, a humanidade neste caso não inclui as vítimas da malária, porque eles são sem voz e estão de qualquer forma poluindo o mundo com sua miséria).

    • Oi Rogério, Compilei artigos que citam o artigo que você menciona. Assinalei alguns títulos e conclusões que considerei de interesse. Desta forma, fica a critério do leitor ler, analisar e tirar suas conclusões. abraços, Roberto Back to Results Web of Knowledge Page 1 (Records 1 — 50) Previous Page (Inactive) [ 1 | 2 | 3 ] Print this Page Record 1 of 134 Title: Human health risk of dietary intake of organochlorine pesticide residues in bovine meat and tissues from Veracruz, Mexico Author(s): Pardio, V (Pardio, Violeta); Martinez, D (Martinez, David); Flores, A (Flores, Argel); Romero, D (Romero, Dora); Suarez, V (Suarez, Victor); Lopez, K (Lopez, Karla); Uscanga, R (Uscanga, Roxana) Source: FOOD CHEMISTRY Volume: 135 Issue: 3 Pages: 1873-1893 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.06.079 Published: DEC 1 2012 Abstract: Tissue distribution patterns of organochlorine pesticides in bovine carcasses varied significantly among seasons, geographic locations and tissues. The highest concentrations of Sigma-DDT during the dry season were detected in lungs from Paso de Ovejas (2,834.90 mu g/kg lipid) and, during the rainy season, Lindane and Sigma-HCH in muscle and lung samples from Paso de Ovejas (995.80 and 1,690.10 mu g/kg lipid). Estimated daily intakes of gamma-HCH and Sigma-DDT (3.35 and 1.22 mu g/kg bw/day) through consumption of muscle tissues from Paso de Ovejas and Puente Nacional during the rainy season showed the highest contribution. During the rainy season the highest non-cancer Hazard Ratios estimated corresponded to gamma-HCH (3.97) and Sigma-DDT (4.39) detected in muscle samples from Puente Nacional. The highest Hazard Ratios of cancer risk to the 95th centile daily consumption through meat corresponded to pp-DDT from Alvarado (7.76E + 06) and from Paso de Ovejas for gamma-HCH (1.50E + 05) during rainy season. The results indicate potential non- and carcinogenic risks to consumer health through meat consumption. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Accession Number: WOS:000310396700142 ISSN: 0308-8146 Record 2 of 134 Title: Characterization, ecological and health risks of DDTs and HCHs in water from a large shallow Chinese lake Author(s): He, W (He, Wei); Qin, N (Qin, Ning); He, QS (He, Qi-Shuang); Wang, Y (Wang, Yan); Kong, XZ (Kong, Xiang-Zhen); Xu, FL (Xu, Fu-Liu) Source: ECOLOGICAL INFORMATICS Volume: 12 Pages: 77-84 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoinf.2012.05.008 Published: NOV 2012 Abstract: The levels of dichloro diphenyl trichloroethanes (DDTs) and hexachlorocyolohexanes (HCHs) in water from Lake Chaohu were measured. The residues, possible sources and potential ecological and health risks of these compounds were analyzed. The results show that the contents of total DDTs and HCHs in the water varied from 1.52 to 21.79 and from 1.58 to 31.66 ng L-1, respectively, which were higher than those in other Chinese lakes. The main sources of HCHs and DDTs were lindane and technical DDT, respectively. The o,p’-DDT/p, p’-DDT ratios indicated the new illegal inputs of DDT in all studied inflow rivers and some lake areas. The MOS10 (margin of safety) values suggested that the Lake was facing a potential ecological risks from p,p’-DDT, whereas the risk of gamma-HCH was small. Both carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic risks of DDTs and HCHs associated with the water use were very low. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Accession Number: WOS:000311183700009 ISSN: 1574-9541 Record 3 of 134 Title: Comparative survey of levels of chlorinated cyclodiene pesticides in breast milk from some cities of China, Korea and Japan Author(s): Fujii, Y (Fujii, Yukiko); Ito, Y (Ito, Yoshiko); Harada, KH (Harada, Kouji H.); Hitomi, T (Hitomi, Toshiaki); Koizumi, A (Koizumi, Akio); Haraguchi, K (Haraguchi, Koichi) Source: CHEMOSPHERE Volume: 89 Issue: 4 Pages: 452-457 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.05.098 Published: OCT 2012 Abstract: Exposure of mothers to organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) was assessed by measuring the levels of 20 OCPs in 70 human breast milk samples pooled from 210 individuals from China. Korea and Japan. The OCPs were analyzed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) in electron capture negative ionization (ECNI) monitoring. The results showed that beta-hexachlorocyclohexane and hexachlorobenzene were one order of magnitude higher in China than in the other nations, whereas chlordanes and polychlorinated biphenyl levels were highest in Japan. Heptachlor epoxide, dieldrin, endrin, toxaphenes and mirex were detected in most samples, and levels of these chemicals were significantly higher in Japan (0.8-4.5 ng g(-1) lipid), followed by Korea (0.2-4.7 ng g(-1) lipid), and lowest in China (less than 1.0 ng g(-1) lipid). alpha- and beta-endosulfans were detected at a range of 0.9-1.5 ng g(-1) lipid levels in all samples analyzed, and their levels were higher in Korean than in Chinese samples. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Accession Number: WOS:000307626000014 ISSN: 0045-6535 Record 4 of 134 Title: Accelerated Mammary Tumor Onset in a HER2/Neu Mouse Model Exposed to DDT Metabolites Locally Delivered to the Mammary Gland Author(s): Johnson, NA (Johnson, Nakpangi A.); Ho, A (Ho, Arline); Cline, JM (Cline, J. Mark); Hughes, CL (Hughes, Claude L.); Foster, WG (Foster, Warren G.); Davis, VL (Davis, Vicki L.) Source: ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES Volume: 120 Issue: 8 Pages: 1170-1176 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1104327 Published: AUG 2012 Abstract: BACKGROUND: The association of DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) with breast cancer is controversial, but animal studies directly linking DDT to risk are lacking. Concerns with DDT reside in its environmental persistence, bioaccumulation in breast adipose tissue, and endocrine-disrupting actions. Whereas most attention has been focused on estrogenic congeners, we tested the cancer-inducing potential of the antiandrogen, p,p’-DDE [1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl) ethylene], the most prevalent and persistent DDT metabolite. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to determine whether developmental exposure to p,p’-DDE stored in adipose tissue surrounding the cancer-prone mammary epithelium of MMTV-Neu mice influences tumor development. METHODS: For localized delivery, Elvax 40P pellets containing p,p’-DDE were implanted into the mammary fat pads of prepubertal female mice. We compared mammary tumor development with p,p’-DDE with development in response to its estrogenic isomer, o,p’-DDE [1,1-dichloro-2-(o-chlorophenyl)-2-(p-chlorophenyl) ethylene], and a mixture of both isomers. RESULTS: p,p’-DDE implants significantly accelerated mammary tumor onset compared with vehicle Elvax implants. o,p’-DDE had similar results, but only at <= 10 months of age. Lipid-adjusted levels of p,p'-DDE in mammary adipose tissue and serum in young mice were within the ranges of human exposure, whereas concentrations in aged mice were low to undetectable. Exposure to a 2:1 ratio of p,p'-DDE:o,p'-DDE did not result in the younger latency observed with the individual isomers. CONCLUSIONS: p,p'-DDE exposure at concentrations relevant to human exposure accelerates mammary carcinogenesis in mice, possibly through hormonal and/or other actions. These data suggest that DDE exposure would promote, but not cause, mammary tumorigenesis. Developmental exposure in immature mammary tissue continues to affect tumor onset even after p,p'-DDE levels have declined. Future studies are needed to determine whether early exposure to p,p'-DDE correspondingly predisposes women to early-onset breast cancer. Accession Number: WOS:000307260500030 ISSN: 0091-6765 Record 5 of 134 Title: Serum organochlorine pesticide residues and risk of gallstone disease: A case-control study in Xiamen Author(s): Su, YH (Su, Yanhua); Dai, YS (Dai, Yishen); Lin, YY (Lin, Yuanyuan); Gao, X (Gao, Xing); Han, YF (Han, Yaofeng); Zhao, BH (Zhao, Benhua) Source: ANNALS OF EPIDEMIOLOGY Volume: 22 Issue: 8 Pages: 592-597 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2012.05.002 Published: AUG 2012 Abstract: Purpose: To investigate the association between serum organochlorine pesticide residues and risk of gallstone disease. Methods: A1:1, pair-matched, case-control study was designed. Data from 150 patients with gallstones diagnosed by abdominal ultrasonography at a single hospital from June 2009 to June 2010 were collected. A total of 150 patients without gallstones during the same period at the same hospital were recruited as the control group. Capillary gas chromatography was employed to measure the serum concentrations of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) residues. Multiple-factor conditional logistic regression analysis was conducted to estimate the relative risk of gallstones in relation to organochlorine pesticide residues in serum. Results: The percentages of p,p'-DDD and o,p'-DDT in serum of patients were significantly higher than those in serum of controls. The p,p'-DDE, alpha-HCH, and delta-HCH residues in serum of patients were also significantly increased compared with those in serum of controls. Multiple-factor conditional logistic regression analysis showed that high levels of p,p'-DDE and p,p'-DDT residues were risk factors for gallstone disease. Conclusions: A high level of organochlorine pesticide residues in serum is a potential risk factor for gallstone disease, which suggests that environmental exposure to organochlorine pesticides should be evaluated with respect to gallstone formation. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Accession Number: WOS:000306770800009 ISSN: 1047-2797 Record 6 of 134 Title: A comparison of octanol-water partitioning between organic chemicals and their metabolites in mammals Author(s): Pirovano, A (Pirovano, Alessandra); Borile, N (Borile, Nicolo); Hendriks, AJ (Hendriks, A. Jan) Source: CHEMOSPHERE Volume: 88 Issue: 8 Pages: 1036-1041 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.03.033 Published: AUG 2012 Abstract: Bioaccumulation models take various elimination and uptake processes into account, estimating rates from chemical lipophilicity, expressed as the octanol-water partition ratio (K-ow). Here, we focussed on metabolism, which transforms parent compounds into usually more polar metabolites, thus enhancing elimination. The aim of this study was to quantify the change in lipophilicity of relevant organic pollutants undergoing various biotransformation reactions in mammals. We considered oxidation reactions catalyzed by three enzyme groups: cytochrome P450 (CYP), alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH). Estimated logK(ow) values of a selected dataset of parent compounds were compared with the logK(ow) of their first metabolites. The logK(ow) decreased by a factor that varies between 0 and 2, depending on the metabolic pathway. For reactions mediated by CYP, the decrease in was one order of magnitude for hydroxylated and epoxidated compounds and two orders of magnitude for dihydroxylated and sulphoxidated xenobiotics. On the other hand, no significant change in lipophilicity was observed for compounds N-hydroxylated by CYP and for alcohols and aldehydes metabolized by ADH and ALDH. These trends could be anticipated by the calculus method of logK(ow). Yet, they were validated using experimental logK(ow) values, when available. These relationships estimate the extent to which the elimination of pollutants is increased by biotransformation. Thus, the quantification of the reduction can be considered as a first necessary step in an alternative approach to anticipate biotransformation rates, which are hard to estimate with existing methods. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Accession Number: WOS:000306160800019 ISSN: 0045-6535 Record 7 of 134 Title: Comparison of organohalogen compounds in a white-tailed sea eagle egg laid in 1941 with five eggs from 1996 to 2001 Author(s): Nordlof, U (Nordlof, Ulrika); Helander, B (Helander, Bjorn); Eriksson, U (Eriksson, Ulla); Zebuhr, Y (Zebuhr, Yngve); Asplund, L (Asplund, Lillemor) Source: CHEMOSPHERE Volume: 88 Issue: 3 Pages: 286-291 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.02.039 Published: JUL 2012 Abstract: Eggs laid by white-tailed sea eagles (Haliaeetus albicilla), one in 1941 and five eggs between 1996 and 2001, all from the same geographical region of the Baltic Sea, were screened for organohalogen substances. The 1941 egg contained hexachlorobenzene (HCB), but did not contain either of the pesticides hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) or p,p’-DDT, nor any metabolites of the latter. In contrast, the more recent eggs (REs) contained all of these compounds. Of the seven polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) analyzed (CB28, -52, -101, -118, 138/-163, -153 and 180), only the more highly chlorinated congeners were detected in the 1941 sample, with CB153 followed by CB180 showing the highest concentrations. All eggs demonstrated the same congener pattern with respect to the more highly chlorinated PCBs, but concentrations were approximately 70-230 times higher in the REs. All of the polychlorinated-p-dioxin and dibenzofuran (PCDD/Fs) congeners analyzed were detected in the eggs, with the dominant congener being 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF (1250 pg/g l.w. in 1941 and 1540 pg/g l.w. (GM) for the REs, respectively). None of the other congeners exceeded 400 pg/g l.w., and the concentrations of 2,3,7,8-TCDD, 2,3,7,8-TCDF and 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDF were all lower in the REs. None of five congeners of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) found in the REs was detected in the egg from 1941. The three methoxylated brominated diphenyl ethers (MeO-BDEs) analyzed were found at similar levels and with a similar congener pattern in REs as in the egg from 1941. In conclusion, this study has shown the absence of DDE and PBDE and the presence of HCB and PCBs in a white-tailed sea eagle egg laid in 1941, and a strong increase of PCBs, DDE and PBDE in white-tailed sea eagle eggs from the same area in 1996-2001. The MeO-BDEs were found in similar concentrations in the analyzed eggs. The 1941 sample shows substantial concentrations of PCDD/Fs, noteworthy in the same magnitude as in the recent samples, illustrating the historical and recent exposure of these compounds. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Accession Number: WOS:000304794000004 ISSN: 0045-6535 Record 8 of 134 Title: Breast Cancer Risk, Fungicide Exposure and CYP1A1*2A Gene-Environment Interactions in a Province-Wide Case Control Study in Prince Edward Island, Canada Author(s): Ashley-Martin, J (Ashley-Martin, Jillian); VanLeeuwen, J (VanLeeuwen, John); Cribb, A (Cribb, Alastair); Andreou, P (Andreou, Pantelis); Guernsey, JR (Guernsey, Judith Read) Source: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH Volume: 9 Issue: 5 Pages: 1846-1858 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph9051846 Published: MAY 2012 Abstract: Scientific certainty regarding environmental toxin-related etiologies of breast cancer, particularly among women with genetic polymorphisms in estrogen metabolizing enzymes, is lacking. Fungicides have been recognized for their carcinogenic potential, yet there is a paucity of epidemiological studies examining the health risks of these agents. The association between agricultural fungicide exposure and breast cancer risk was examined in a secondary analysis of a province-wide breast cancer case-control study in Prince Edward Island (PEI) Canada. Specific objectives were: (1) to derive and examine the level of association between estimated fungicide exposures, and breast cancer risk among women in PEI; and (2) to assess the potential for gene-environment interactions between fungicide exposure and a CYP1A1 polymorphism in cases versus controls. After 1: 3 matching of 207 cases to 621 controls by age, family history of breast cancer and menopausal status, fungicide exposure was not significantly associated with an increased risk of breast cancer (OR = 0.74; 95% CI: 0.46-1.17). Moreover, no statistically significant interactions between fungicide exposure and CYP1A1*2A were observed. Gene-environmentinteractions were identified. Though interpretations of findings are challenged by uncertainty of exposure assignment and small sample sizes, this study does provide grounds for further research. Accession Number: WOS:000304543200023 Conference Title: 8th International Symposium on Recent Advances in Environmental Health Research Conference Date: SEP 18-21, 2011 Conference Location: Jackson, MS Conference Sponsors: Jackson State Univ (JSU), Natl Inst Hlth, RCMI-Ctr Environm Hlth, U S Dept Educ, Title III Grad Educ Program, U S Environm Protect Agcy, JSU Off Acad Affairs, JSU Off Res & Fed Relat ISSN: 1661-7827 Record 9 of 134 Title: Complex organochlorine pesticide mixtures as determinant factor for breast cancer risk: a population-based case-control study in the Canary Islands (Spain) Author(s): Boada, LD (Boada, Luis D.); Zumbado, M (Zumbado, Manuel); Henriquez-Hernandez, LA (Alberto Henriquez-Hernandez, Luis); Almeida-Gonzalez, M (Almeida-Gonzalez, Maira); Alvarez-Leon, EE (Alvarez-Leon, Eva E.); Serra-Majem, L (Serra-Majem, Lluis); Luzardo, OP (Luzardo, Octavio P.) Source: ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH Volume: 11 Article Number: 28 DOI: 10.1186/1476-069X-11-28 Published: APR 25 2012 Abstract: Background: All the relevant risk factors contributing to breast cancer etiology are not fully known. Exposure to organochlorine pesticides has been linked to an increased incidence of the disease, although not all data have been consistent. Most published studies evaluated the exposure to organochlorines individually, ignoring the potential effects exerted by the mixtures of chemicals. Methods: This population-based study was designed to evaluate the profile of mixtures of organochlorines detected in 103 healthy women and 121 women diagnosed with breast cancer from Gran Canaria Island, and the relation between the exposure to these compounds and breast cancer risk. Results: The most prevalent mixture of organochlorines among healthy women was the combination of lindane and endrin, and this mixture was not detected in any affected women. Breast cancer patients presented more frequently a combination of aldrin, dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (DDD), and this mixture was not found in any healthy woman. After adjusting for covariables, the risk of breast cancer was moderately associated with DDD (OR = 1.008, confidence interval 95% 1.001-1.015, p = 0.024). Conclusions: This study indicates that healthy women show a very different profile of organochlorine pesticide mixtures than breast cancer patients, suggesting that organochlorine pesticide mixtures could play a relevant role in breast cancer risk. Accession Number: WOS:000306571900001 ISSN: 1476-069X Record 10 of 134 Title: Pharmacogenomic approaches in the treatment of breast cancer by tamoxifen Author(s): Ameen, S (Ameen, Sidra); Qadir, MI (Qadir, Muhammad Imran); Ahmad, B (Ahmad, Bashir) Source: PAKISTAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES Volume: 25 Issue: 2 Pages: 469-476 Published: APR 2012 Abstract: Breast cancer (BC) is a highly diverse complaint rather than sole disease consisting of several markers linked to typical features of tissues, medical assessment and reaction to treatment. Mutation in RAS/MEK/ERK and P13K-AKT-mTOR pathway is involved in pathogenesis of BC. Application of pharmacogenomics will lead to individualization of therapy, which is totally contrast to nowadays clinical practice, in which drug’s effects are studied on large group of patient regardless of their genetic based difference. The genetic differences in persons affect the therapeutic action and concentration of Tamoxifen in each individual. Therefore, it is, concluded to choose best drug regimen for each patient on individual basis and to circumvent the patient by toxic effect of drug. Accession Number: WOS:000303301700028 ISSN: 1011-601X Record 11 of 134 Title: Levels of selected persistent organic pollutants in blood from delivering women in seven selected areas of Sao Paulo State, Brazil Author(s): Rudge, CVC (Rudge, Cibele V. C.); Sandanger, T (Sandanger, Torkjel); Rollin, HB (Roellin, Halina B.); Calderon, IMP (Calderon, Iracema M. P.); Volpato, G (Volpato, Gustavo); Silva, JLP (Silva, Joao L. P.); Duarte, G (Duarte, Geraldo); Neto, CM (Neto, Corintio M.); Sass, N (Sass, Nelson); Nakamura, MU (Nakamura, Mary U.); Odland, JO (Odland, Jon O.); Rudge, MVC (Rudge, Marilza V. C.) Source: ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL Volume: 40 Pages: 162-169 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2011.07.006 Published: APR 2012 Abstract: Persistent organic pollutants (POPS) present in the living environment are thought to have detrimental health effects on the population, with pregnant women and the developing foetus being at highest risk. We report on the levels of selected POPs in maternal blood of 155 delivering women residing in seven regions within the Sao Paulo State, Brazil. The following selected POPs were measured in the maternal whole blood: 12 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) congeners (IUPAC Nos. 99, 101, 118, 138, 153, 156, 163, 170, 180, 183, 187, 194); dichlordiphenyltrichloroethane p,p’-DDT, diphenyldichloroethylene p,p’-DDE and other pesticides such as hexachlorocyclohexanes (alpha-HCH, beta-HCH, gamma-HCH), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), chlordane derivatives cis-chlordane, trans-chlordane. oxy-chlordane, cis-nonachlor and trans-nonachlor. Statistical comparisons between regions were performed only on compounds having concentrations above LOD in 70% of the samples. PCB118 congener was found to be highest in the industrial site (mean 4.97 ng/g lipids); PCB138 congener concentration was highest in the Urban 3 site (mean 4.27 ng/g lipids) and congener PCB153 was highest in the industrial and Urban 3 sites with mean concentration of 7.2 ng/g lipids and 5.89 ng/g lipids respectively. Large differences in levels of p,p’-DDE between regions were observed with the Urban 3 and industrial sites having the highest concentrations of 645 ng/g lipids and 417 ng/g lipids, respectively; beta-HCH was found to be highest in the Rural 1 site; the gamma-HCH in Rural 1 and industrial; the HCB in the Rural 1 and industrial sites and oxy-chlordane and t-NC in the Rural 2 sites. An association between levels of some contaminants and maternal age and parity was also found. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Accession Number: WOS:000301025600021 ResearcherID Numbers: Calderon, Iracema C-8136-2012 ISSN: 0160-4120 Record 12 of 134 Title: Being breastfed in infancy and adult breast cancer risk among Japanese women Author(s): Minami, Y (Minami, Yuko); Nishino, Y (Nishino, Yoshikazu); Kawai, M (Kawai, Masaaki); Kakugawa, Y (Kakugawa, Yoichiro) Source: CANCER CAUSES & CONTROL Volume: 23 Issue: 2 Pages: 389-398 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-011-9888-3 Published: FEB 2012 Abstract: Objective Being breastfed in infancy has been hypothesized to influence subsequent breast cancer risk. In a hospital-based case-control study, we investigated the relationship between having been breastfed and breast cancer risk, both overall and separately among female subjects with different birth years. Methods The study subjects included 571 cases and 2,155 controls admitted to a single hospital in Miyagi Prefecture, Japan, between 1997 and 2005. History of having been breastfed was assessed with a self-administered questionnaire. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were estimated using logistic regression. Results After adjustment for known risk factors, no association for having been breastfed was observed overall (OR = 1.20; 95% CI: 0.82-1.76). Analysis stratified according to birth year (= 1950) demonstrated heterogeneity in the association for having been breastfed between the two birth-year groups (p for interaction = 0.0006); having been breastfed was significantly associated with a decreased risk among subjects who were born before 1950 (OR = 0.59; 95% CI: 0.35-0.99), whereas no such risk reduction was observed for subjects born after 1950 (OR = 1.60; 95% CI: 0.88-2.90). Conclusion Although having been breastfed is not related to overall risk, birth year may modify the association between having been breastfed in infancy and breast cancer risk. In Japan, sociodemographic changes have occurred since the end of World War II. The use of standard formula supplement began to spread around 1950. The difference of breast cancer risk between birth-year groups may be attributable to these environmental changes. Accession Number: WOS:000300890800019 ISSN: 0957-5243 Record 13 of 134 Title: Thyroid disruption effects of environmental level perfluorooctane sulfonates (PFOS) in Xenopus laevis Author(s): Cheng, Y (Cheng, Yan); Cui, Y (Cui, Yuan); Chen, HM (Chen, Hui-ming); Xie, WP (Xie, Wen-ping) Source: ECOTOXICOLOGY Volume: 20 Issue: 8 Pages: 2069-2078 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-011-0749-3 Published: NOV 2011 Abstract: Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), one of the emerging persistent organic pollutants (POPs), has caused growing international concern especially related to the potential disruption in the development and function of thyroid system. Xenopus laevis is an amphibian species widely used as a suitable amphibian model for thyroid disruption research. To study the thyroid disruption effects related to PFOS exposure at environmental low levels, X. laevis tadpoles were exposed to 0.1, 1, 10 and 100 mu g/l PFOS in water respectively from stage 46/47 to stage 62. The results showed that the time to metamorphosis (presented by forelimb emergence, FLE) did not significantly change with PFOS exposure, but exhibited an increasing trend (except for 10 mu g/l exposure). Partial colloid depletion was observed for PFOS exposure, but no significant histological abnormality was observed in treatment groups. In addition, PFOS exposure resulted in up-regulation of thyroid hormone-regulated genes-thyroid receptor beta A (TR beta A), basic transcription element-binding protein (BTEB) and type II deiodinase (DI2) mRNA expression, presented as an inverted U-shaped dose response pattern. However, the mRNA expression of type III deiodinase (DI3) remained unaffected compared with the control. These results demonstrated that PFOS might disrupt the thyroid system in X. laevis tadpoles regarding FLE changes and regulation alternation of thyroid hormone-regulated genes. Our study has raised new concerns for possible thyroid disruption of PFOS in amphibians at environmental relevant levels. Accession Number: WOS:000298582500031 ISSN: 0963-9292 Record 14 of 134 Title: Organochlorine pollutants in human blood and their relation with age, gender and habitat from North-east India Author(s): Mishra, K (Mishra, K.); Sharma, RC (Sharma, Ramesh C.); Kumar, S (Kumar, Sudhir) Source: CHEMOSPHERE Volume: 85 Issue: 3 Pages: 454-464 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.07.074 Published: OCT 2011 Abstract: Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) have been beneficial to man and environment but their inadvertent use has caused considerable harm to human health. Despite the proliferation of different types of pesticides, organochlorines such as HCH and DDT still account for two third of the total consumption in India because of their low cost and versatility in action again various pests. Since, Assam, a state in North-eastern part of India is an endemic area with perennial transmission where mosquito borne diseases are serious health problems; these pesticides are still being used in huge quantities in vector control as well as in agriculture. A total of 331 human blood samples were collected from district Nagaon and Dibrugarh of Assam to determine the residue levels of DDT and HCH in human blood. The concentrations of selected persistent organochlorine pollutants were measured with gas chromatography-electron capture detector. The results demonstrated that the mean levels of total DDT and HCH were 743 mu g L(-1) and 627 mu g L(-1) for district Nagaon while 417 mu g L(-1)and 348 mu g L(-1) for district Dibrugarh. The difference of total HCH and total DDT between these two districts was found to be highly significant (P < 0.0001). Among DDT metabolites, the same trend was observed for both the districts as p,p-DDT was the principal component contributed 41% for Nagaon and 58% for Dibrugarh. In case of HCH residues, for Nagaon, beta-HCH was the predominant contaminant comprised more than 34% while for Dibrugarh, it was alpha-HCH that was contributing 43% of total HCH concentration. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Accession Number: WOS:000297661900024 ISSN: 0045-6535 Record 15 of 134 Title: The application of reporter gene assays for the detection of endocrine disruptors in sport supplements Author(s): Plotan, M (Plotan, Monika); Elliott, CT (Elliott, Christopher T.); Scippo, ML (Scippo, Marie Louise); Muller, M (Muller, Marc); Antignac, JP (Antignac, Jean-Philippe); Malone, E (Malone, Edward); Bovee, TFH (Bovee, Toine F. H.); Mitchell, S (Mitchell, Samuel); Connolly, L (Connolly, Lisa) Source: ANALYTICA CHIMICA ACTA Volume: 700 Issue: 1-2 Special Issue: SI Pages: 34-40 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2010.12.014 Published: AUG 26 2011 Abstract: The increasing availability and use of sports supplements is of concern as highlighted by a number of studies reporting endocrine disruptor contamination in such products. The health food supplement market, including sport supplements, is growing across the Developed World. Therefore, the need to ensure the quality and safety of sport supplements for the consumer is essential. The development and validation of two reporter gene assays coupled with solid phase sample preparation enabling the detection of estrogenic and androgenic constituents in sport supplements is reported. Both assays were shown to be of high sensitivity with the estrogen and androgen reporter gene assays having an EC(50) of 0.01 ng mL(-1) and 0.16 ng mL(-1) respectively. The developed assays were applied in a survey of 63 sport supplements samples obtained across the Island of Ireland with an additional seven reference samples previously investigated using LC-MS/MS. Androgen and estrogen bio-activity was found in 71% of the investigated samples. Bio-activity profiling was further broken down into agonists, partial agonists and antagonists. Supplements (13) with the strongest estrogenic bio-activity were chosen for further investigation. LC-MS/MS analysis of these samples determined the presence of phytoestrogens in seven of them. Supplements (38) with androgen bio-activity were also selected for further investigation. Androgen agonist bio-activity was detected in 12 supplements, antagonistic bio-activity was detected in 16 and partial antagonistic bio-activity was detected in 10. A further group of supplements (7) did not present androgenic bio-activity when tested alone but enhanced the androgenic agonist bio-activity of dihydrotestosterone when combined. The developed assays offer advantages in detection of known, unknown and low-level mixtures of endocrine disruptors over existing analytical screening techniques. For the detection and identification of constituent hormonally active compounds the combination of biological and physio-chemical techniques is optimal. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Accession Number: WOS:000293428900006 Conference Title: 6th International Symposium on Hormone and Veterinary Drug Residue Analysis (VRDA) Conference Date: JUN 01-04, 2010 Conference Location: Ghent, BELGIUM Conference Host: Ghent Univ ISSN: 0003-2670 Record 16 of 134 Title: The interface of public healthcare with the health of the oceans: proliferation of disease, socio-economic impacts and beneficial relationships Author(s): de Moura, JF (de Moura, Jailson Fulgencio); Cardozo, M (Cardozo, Marcelo); Belo, MSDP (da Silva Peixoto Belo, Mariana Soares); Hacon, S (Hacon, Sandra); Siciliano, S (Siciliano, Salvatore) Source: CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA Volume: 16 Issue: 8 Pages: 3469-3480 Published: AUG 2011 Abstract: Over the past decades, human activities have had a heavy impact on the marine environment, causing alterations in ecological processes. The relationship between the health of the oceans, human activities and public healthcare is already generally accepted, though the mechanisms involved are still under scientific scrutiny. These relationships include a focus on climate change, toxic algal blooms, microbial and chemical contamination in marine waters and bioinvasion by exotic species. Moreover, there is the beneficial effect of the oceans on human health and wellbeing, such as natural products for the human diet, the development of biomedicine, or simply the satisfaction derived from human recreation, sports and other interactions of humans with oceans. The importance of appreciating the link between public healthcare and the health of the oceans is especially important due to the growing number of people living in coastal areas, mainly in tropical and subtropical regions. The backcloth to this is risk-related human activities that pose a danger to marine environmental health and the increase in the vulnerability of humans and biodiversity and socio-environmental iniquity. Accession Number: WOS:000294123800017 ISSN: 1413-8123 Record 17 of 134 Title: Abnormal peripubertal development of the rat mammary gland following exposure in utero and during lactation to a mixture of genistein and the food contaminant vinclozolin Author(s): Saad, HE (Saad, H. El Sheikh); Meduri, G (Meduri, G.); Phrakonkham, P (Phrakonkham, P.); Berges, R (Berges, R.); Vacher, S (Vacher, S.); Djallali, M (Djallali, M.); Auger, J (Auger, J.); Canivenc-Lavier, MC (Canivenc-Lavier, M. C.); Perrot-Applanat, M (Perrot-Applanat, M.) Source: REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY Volume: 32 Issue: 1 Pages: 15-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2011.03.001 Published: JUL 2011 Abstract: The impact of early exposure to endocrine disruptor mixtures on mammary gland development is poorly known. Here, we identify the effects of a conception to weaning exposure of rats to the phytoestrogen genistein (G) and/or the antiandrogen vinclozolin (V) at 1 mg/kg-d, alone or in association. Using several approaches, we found that G- and GV-exposed rats displayed significantly greater epithelial branching and proliferation, wider terminal end buds than controls at PND35, as well as ductal hyperplasia and periductal fibrosis. Focal branching defects were present in V-exposed rats. An increased ER and AR expression was observed in G- and CV- as compared to V-exposed rats at PND35. Surprisingly, a significant number of CV- and to a lesser extent. V-exposed animals displayed abnormal hyperplasic alveolar structures at PND50. Thus, gestational and lactational exposure to low doses of genistein plus vinclozolin may seriously affect peripubertal development of the rat mammary gland. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Accession Number: WOS:000293323200002 ISSN: 0890-6238 Record 18 of 134 Title: Prenatal and concurrent exposure to halogenated organic compounds and gene expression of CYP17A1, CYP19A1, and oestrogen receptor alpha and beta genes Author(s): Karmaus, W (Karmaus, Wilfried); Osuch, JR (Osuch, Janet Rose); Landgraf, J (Landgraf, Jeff); Taffe, B (Taffe, Bonita); Mikucki, D (Mikucki, Dorota); Haan, P (Haan, Pam) Source: OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE Volume: 68 Issue: 6 Pages: 430-437 DOI: 10.1136/oem.2009.053249 Published: JUN 2011 Abstract: Objective To determine whether prenatal exposure to dichlorodiphenyl ethylene (DDE) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and concurrent exposure to DDE, PCBs and polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) affect gene expression of aromatase (CYP19A1), 17-alpha-hydroxylase (CYP17A1), and oestrogen receptors alpha and beta (ESR 1 and ESR2). Methods Based on maternal PCB and DDE levels in the parent generation of the Michigan Fisheater Cohort determined between 1973 and 1991, individual prenatal exposures were estimated and have been published. In 2007, female adult offspring of this cohort were examined. Gene expression and concurrent lipid-adjusted exposures to DDE, PCBs and PBDEs were measured in blood and serum, respectively. Using mixed models and path analyses, gene-expression data were regressed on prenatal and concurrent exposures controlling for confounders. Results 139 daughters of Michigan fisheaters (65.3%) participated in the investigation. While prenatal PCB levels were statistically significantly associated with decreased expression of the aromatase and 17-alpha-hydroxylase genes, prenatal DDE levels were significantly related to increased gene expression of aromatase but not of 17-alpha-hydroxylase. The DDE association seems to be mediated by concurrent lipid-adjusted p, p'-DDE serum levels. Prenatal and concurrent exposure of both PCBs and DDE had comparable effects. No association was found for PBDEs or for the gene expression of ESR 1 and ESR2. Conclusions A 40-year antecedent prenatal exposure and concurrent levels of PCBs and DDE are associated with the expression of aromatase and 17-alpha-hydroxylase genes. Prenatal exposures to organochlorines may instigate long-term alterations of gene expression. Mechanisms of prenatal induction of persistent gene-expression alterations are speculated to be epigenetic in nature. Accession Number: WOS:000290516600010 ISSN: 1351-0711 Record 19 of 134 Title: Evaluation of Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction Coupled with Gas Chromatography-Microelectron Capture Detection (GC-mu ECD) for the Determination of Organochlorine Pesticides in Water Samples Author(s): Zhao, ZH (Zhao, Zhonghua); Zhang, L (Zhang, Lu); Wu, JL (Wu, Jinglu); Jin, M (Jin, Miao); Fan, CX (Fan, Chengxin) Source: ANALYTICAL SCIENCES Volume: 27 Issue: 5 Pages: 547-553 Published: MAY 2011 Abstract: The extraction efficiency of a dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) method coupled with gas chromatography-microelectron capture detection (GC-mu ECD) for the simultaneous determination of 20 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in water samples was evaluated. The optimum conditions of DLLME for OCP measurement in water sample were determined with 10 mu L of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) and 1.5 mL of acetone as the extraction and dispersive solvents, respectively, all measurements were conducted under room temperature without the addition of salt. OCPs were extracted with good recoveries (60.35 – 107.89%) by the proposed method, except for heptachlor and aldrin due to the specific physico-chemical properties of these chemicals. Quantitative analysis showed that the relative standard deviations (RSDs) were below 9% and rather wider linear ranges (LRs) of 0.1 – 50 mu g/L were obtained. The limits of detection (LODs) were in the range of 0.21 – 11.65 ng/L and no significant matrix effects were observed. Obtained results demonstrated that DLLME coupled with GC-mu ECD was rapid, convenient and efficient for OCP analysis in water samples. Accession Number: WOS:000291181700016 ISSN: 0910-6340 Record 20 of 134 Title: Identification of hepatotoxicity related genes induced by toxaphene in HepG2 cells Author(s): Choi, HS (Choi, Han-Saem); Kim, YJ (Kim, Youn-Jung); Song, M (Song, Mee); Song, MK (Song, Mi-Kyung); Ryu, JC (Ryu, Jae-Chun) Source: MOLECULAR & CELLULAR TOXICOLOGY Volume: 7 Issue: 1 Pages: 53-60 DOI: 10.1007/s13273-011-0008-y Published: MAR 31 2011 Abstract: Toxaphene is a bioaccumulative, persistent, and toxic pollutant. Toxaphene is one of the 12 priority of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) intended for global action by the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) Governing Council. POPs are man-made synthetic chemicals highly resistant to biodegradation, with a high affinity for bioaccumulation (due to their hydrophobic and/or lipophilic nature) and biomagnification in the environment and living organisms, including humans. Once deposited in humans (mainly in adipose tissue), they form stable compounds that result in a lasting toxic body burden. Most human populations are exposed to mixtures of POPs originated either from local or remote sources. Toxaphene is ubiquitous in air, water, soil, and biological matrices, as well as in major environmental compartments. Toxaphene has effects on various organs such as thyroid, bone, skin, kidneys, and blood cells and especially, revealed strong toxicity to liver. In this study, we identified genes related to hepatotoxiciy induced by toxaphene in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells using microarray and gene ontology (GO) analysis. Through microarray analysis, we identified 1,647 up- and 2,251 down-regulated genes changed by more than 1.5-fold and P-values 0.001 by toxaphene. And after GO analysis, we determined several key pathways which known as related to hepatotoxicity such as MAPK signaling pathway, complement and coagulation cascades, tight junction. Thus, our present study suggests that genes expressed by toxaphene may provide a clue for hepatotoxic mechanism of toxaphene. Accession Number: WOS:000289120400008 ISSN: 1738-642X Record 21 of 134 Title: Persistent organic pollutants in food items collected in Hong Kong Author(s): Qin, YY (Qin, Yan Yan); Leung, CKM (Leung, Clement Kai Man); Leung, AOW (Leung, Anna Oi Wah); Zheng, JS (Zheng, Jin Shu); Wong, MH (Wong, Ming Hung) Source: CHEMOSPHERE Volume: 82 Issue: 9 Pages: 1329-1336 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.12.009 Published: FEB 2011 Abstract: This study aims to investigate levels of POPs in meat, edible oils, nuts, milk and wine collected from Hong Kong. Naphthalene, pp-DDE, beta-, gamma-NCH and PBDE 47 were detected in most of the food items. Goose liver accumulated the highest PAHs (47.9 ng g(-1) wet wt), DDTs (25.6), HCHs (13.0), PCBs (4.17), PBDEs (468 pg g(-1) wet wt) among all the selected food. Meat and nut groups had significant (p < 0.01 or 0.05) correlations between lipid contents and concentrations of PAHs (meat: r = 0.878), HCHs (meat: r 0.753), DDTs (meat: r = 0.937; nuts: r = 0.968) and PCBs (meat: r = 0.832; nut: r = 0.946). The concentrations of DDTs, HCHs and PCBs in vegetable oil were lower, but HCHs in fish oil were higher, when compared with other countries. The concentrations of PAHs, DDTs, PCBs and PBDEs in food tested in the present study were all below various safety guidelines. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Accession Number: WOS:000287563200016 ISSN: 0045-6535 Record 22 of 134 Title: Global status of DDT and its alternatives for use in vector control to prevent disease Author(s): van den Berg, H (van den Berg, Henk) Source: CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA Volume: 16 Issue: 2 Pages: 575-590 Published: FEB 2011 Abstract: In this article I reviewed the status of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), used for disease vector control, and its benefits and risks in relation to the available alternatives. Contemporary data on DDT use were obtained from questionnaires and reports as well as a Scopus search to retrieve published articles. Nearly 14 countries use DDT for disease control, and several others are reintroducing DDT. Concerns about the continued use of DDT are fueled by recent reports of high levels of human exposure associated with indoor spraying amid accumulating evidence on chronic health effects. There are signs that more malaria vectors are becoming resistant to the toxic action of DDT. Effective chemical methods are available as immediate alternatives to DDT, but the development of resistance is undermining the efficacy of insecticidal tools. Nonchemical methods are potentially important, but their effectiveness at program level needs urgent study. To reduce reliance on DDT, support is needed for integrated and multipartner strategies of vector control. Integrated vector management provides a framework for developing and implementing effective technologies and strategies as sustainable alternatives to reliance on DDT. Accession Number: WOS:000289643300021 ISSN: 1413-8123 Record 23 of 134 Title: Genotoxic Effect of Chronic Exposure to DDT on Lymphocytes, Oral Mucosa and Breast Cells of Female Rats Author(s): Canales-Aguirre, A (Canales-Aguirre, Alejandro); Padilla-Camberos, E (Padilla-Camberos, Eduardo); Gomez-Pinedo, U (Gomez-Pinedo, Ulises); Salado-Ponce, H (Salado-Ponce, Hugo); Feria-Velasco, A (Feria-Velasco, Alfredo); De Celis, R (De Celis, Ruth) Source: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH Volume: 8 Issue: 2 Pages: 540-553 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph8020540 Published: FEB 2011 Abstract: The genotoxicity of some environmental contaminants may affect human health directly by damaging genetic material and thus plays an important role in cancer development. Xenoestrogens are one kind of environmental pollutants that may alter hormonal routes or directly affect DNA. The number of available biomarkers used to assess genetic risk and cancer is very extensive. The present study evaluated genotoxicity produced by the pesticide DDT on systemic and mammary gland cells obtained from adult female Wistar rats. Oral mucosa cells micronuclei were assessed; the comet assay in peripheral blood-isolated lymphocytes and mammary epithelial cells was also carried out. Additionally, oxidative stress was studied in mammary tissue through a lipid peroxidation assay. Our data showed an increase in lipid peroxidation, product of an increase in free oxygen radical levels, which leads to an oxidative stress status. Our results suggest that DDT is genotoxic, not only for lymphocytes but also to mammary epithelial cells. Accession Number: WOS:000287733200016 ISSN: 1660-4601 Record 24 of 134 Title: Human Blood Concentrations of Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) Extrapolated from Metabolism in Rats and Humans and Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling Author(s): Yamazaki, H (Yamazaki, Hiroshi); Takano, R (Takano, Ryohji); Horiuchi, K (Horiuchi, Kana); Shimizu, M (Shimizu, Makiko); Murayama, N (Murayama, Norie); Kitajima, M (Kitajima, Masato); Shono, F (Shono, Fumiaki) Source: JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCE Volume: 56 Issue: 5 Pages: 566-575 Published: OCT 2010 Abstract: The present study defined a simplified physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane [1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane, DDT] in humans based on metabolic parameters determined in vitro using relevant liver microsomes, coefficients derived in silico, physiological parameters derived from the literature, and an established rat PBPK model. The model consists of an absorption compartment, a metabolizing liver compartment, and a central compartment for DDT. Evaluation of the rat model was performed by making comparisons between predicted concentrations in blood and in vivo experimental pharmacokinetic values obtained from rats after daily oral treatment with DDT (10 mg/kg, a no-observed-adverse-effect level) for 14 days. Elimination rates of DDT in vitro were established from data from rat liver microsomes and from pooled human liver microsomes. The ratio of intrinsic clearance values of DDT based on rat in vivo and rat in vitro experiments was used as the scaling factor for estimating in vivo hepatic intrinsic clearance in humans in the final human PBPK model. These results indicate that a simplified PBPK model for DDT is useful for a forward dosimetry approach in rats and/or humans and for estimating blood concentrations of other related compounds resulting from exposure to low chemical doses. Accession Number: WOS:000282401500010 ISSN: 1344-9702 Record 25 of 134 Title: Determinants of menarche Author(s): Karapanou, O (Karapanou, Olga); Papadimitriou, A (Papadimitriou, Anastasios) Source: REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY AND ENDOCRINOLOGY Volume: 8 Article Number: 115 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-8-115 Published: SEP 30 2010 Abstract: Menarche is a milestone in a woman’s life as it denotes the start of reproductive capacity. Aim of this report is to review the recent developments and the current knowledge in the neuroendocrinology of pubertal onset and the factors, genetic and environmental, that influence menarcheal age. We also review the implications of early or late menarcheal age on a young woman’s life. Accession Number: WOS:000283255300001 ISSN: 1477-7827 Record 26 of 134 Title: Self-reported chemicals exposure, beliefs about disease causation, and risk of breast cancer in the Cape Cod Breast Cancer and Environment Study: a case-control study Author(s): Zota, AR (Zota, Ami R.); Aschengrau, A (Aschengrau, Ann); Rudel, RA (Rudel, Ruthann A.); Brody, JG (Brody, Julia Green) Source: ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH Volume: 9 Article Number: 40 DOI: 10.1186/1476-069X-9-40 Published: JUL 20 2010 Abstract: Background: Household cleaning and pesticide products may contribute to breast cancer because many contain endocrine disrupting chemicals or mammary gland carcinogens. This population-based case-control study investigated whether use of household cleaners and pesticides increases breast cancer risk. Methods: Participants were 787 Cape Cod, Massachusetts, women diagnosed with breast cancer between 1988 and 1995 and 721 controls. Telephone interviews asked about product use, beliefs about breast cancer etiology, and established and suspected breast cancer risk factors. To evaluate potential recall bias, we stratified product-use odds ratios by beliefs about whether chemicals and pollutants contribute to breast cancer; we compared these results with odds ratios for family history (which are less subject to recall bias) stratified by beliefs about heredity. Results: Breast cancer risk increased two-fold in the highest compared with lowest quartile of self-reported combined cleaning product use (Adjusted OR = 2.1, 95% CI: 1.4, 3.3) and combined air freshener use (Adjusted OR = 1.9, 95% CI: 1.2, 3.0). Little association was observed with pesticide use. In stratified analyses, cleaning products odds ratios were more elevated among participants who believed pollutants contribute “a lot” to breast cancer and moved towards the null among the other participants. In comparison, the odds ratio for breast cancer and family history was markedly higher among women who believed that heredity contributes “a lot” (OR = 2.6, 95% CI: 1.9, 3.6) and not elevated among others (OR = 0.7, 95% CI: 0.5, 1.1). Conclusions: Results of this study suggest that cleaning product use contributes to increased breast cancer risk. However, results also highlight the difficulty of distinguishing in retrospective self-report studies between valid associations and the influence of recall bias. Recall bias may influence higher odds ratios for product use among participants who believed that chemicals and pollutants contribute to breast cancer. Alternatively, the influence of experience on beliefs is another explanation, illustrated by the protective odds ratio for family history among women who do not believe heredity contributes “a lot.” Because exposure to chemicals from household cleaning products is a biologically plausible cause of breast cancer and avoidable, associations reported here should be further examined prospectively. Accession Number: WOS:000282289700001 ISSN: 1476-069X Record 27 of 134 Title: Self-reported exposure to pesticides in residential settings and risk of breast cancer: a case-control study Author(s): Farooq, U (Farooq, Umar); Joshi, M (Joshi, Monika); Nookala, V (Nookala, Vinod); Cheriyath, P (Cheriyath, Pramil); Fischman, D (Fischman, Daniel); Graber, NJ (Graber, Nora J.); Stellman, SD (Stellman, Steven D.); Muscat, J (Muscat, Joshua) Source: ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH Volume: 9 Article Number: 30 DOI: 10.1186/1476-069X-9-30 Published: JUN 25 2010 Abstract: Background: Pesticides are widely used in households to control insects and weeds. Several studies, over the past decades, have examined the possible relationship of serum concentration of organochlorine pesticides and the development of breast cancer. However, little data exists regarding an association between self-reported, residential exposure to pesticides and breast cancer risk. We, therefore, present a case-control study examining self-reported exposure to household pesticides with regard to associated risk of breast cancer. Methods: This study was conducted in the area in and around New York City, NY and included 1205 patients (447 cases and 758 controls). Cases were defined as women with newly diagnosed breast cancer or carcinoma in-situ, while controls included women with benign breast diseases or those undergoing non-breast related surgery. All patients were asked a series of questions to determine their pesticide exposure, including the type of pesticide, location of exposure (inside vs. outside the home), who applied the pesticide (self vs. a professional) and duration of pesticide use. Logistic regression models were used to estimate unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios (OR) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results: The most common pests encountered in participants’ homes were ants, carpenter ants, and cockroaches. The calculated adjusted odds ratios for both self and professionally applied pesticides, specifically against the above mentioned insects, with regard to breast cancer risk were 1.25 (95% CI: 0.79-1.98) and 1.06 (95% CI: 0.65-1.73), respectively. Similarly, odds ratios and confidence intervals were calculated for other types of pesticides. Conclusions: Overall, the results of our study did not show an association between self-reported exposure to pesticides and breast cancer risk. Future studies, utilizing a larger sample size and more specific detail on time frame of pesticide exposure, are needed to further explore this question. Accession Number: WOS:000282289100002 ISSN: 1476-069X Record 28 of 134 Title: Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) Enhance Metastatic Properties of Breast Cancer Cells by Activating Rho-Associated Kinase (ROCK) Author(s): Liu, SJ (Liu, Sijin); Li, ST (Li, Shitao); Du, YG (Du, Yuguo) Source: PLOS ONE Volume: 5 Issue: 6 Article Number: e11272 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011272 Published: JUN 23 2010 Abstract: Background: Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a family of structurally related chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons. Numerous studies have documented a wide spectrum of biological effects of PCBs on human health, such as immunotoxicity, neurotoxocity, estrogenic or antiestrogenic activity, and carcinogensis. The role of PCBs as etiologic agents for breast cancer has been intensively explored in a variety of in vivo, animal and epidemiologic studies. A number of investigations indicated that higher levels of PCBs in mammary tissues or sera correlated to breast cancer risk, and PCBs might be implicated in advancing breast cancer progression. Methodology/Principal Findings: In the current study, we for the first time report that PCBs greatly promote the ROCK activity and therefore increase cell motility for both non-metastatic and metastatic human breast cancer cells in vitro. In the in vivo study, PCBs significantly advance disease progression, leading to enhanced capability of metastatic breast cancer cells to metastasize to bone, lung and liver. Additionally, PCBs robustly induce the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) in breast cancer cells; ROS mechanistically elevate ROCK activity. Conclusions/Significance: PCBs enhance the metastatic propensity of breast cancer cells by activating the ROCK signaling, which is dependent on ROS induced by PCBs. Inhibition of ROCK may stand for a unique way to restrain metastases in breast cancer upon PCB exposure. Accession Number: WOS:000279135400018 ISSN: 1932-6203 Record 29 of 134 Title: The associations between the environmental exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and breast cancer risk and progression Author(s): Liu, SJ (Liu SiJin); Zhang, SP (Zhang ShuPing); Qu, C (Qu Chen); Liu, W (Liu Wei); Du, YG (Du YuGuo) Source: SCIENCE CHINA-CHEMISTRY Volume: 53 Issue: 5 Pages: 974-979 DOI: 10.1007/s11426-010-0149-1 Published: MAY 2010 Abstract: Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are chlorinated biphenyl compounds with wide applications in the industry. In spite of a ban on their production in the late 1970s, PCBs, as a group of POPs, are still persistent and widely spread in the environment, posing potential threats to human health. The role of PCBs as etiologic agents for breast cancer has been intensively explored in a variety of in vivo, animal and epidemiologic studies. Initial investigations indicated higher levels of PCBs in mammary tissues or sera corresponded to the occurrence of breast cancer, but later studies showed no positive association between PCB exposure and breast cancer development. More recent data suggested that the CYP1A1 m2 polymorphisms might add increased risk to the etiology of breast cancer in women with environmental exposure to PCBs. PCBs are implicated in advancing breast cancer progression, and our unpublished data reveals that PCBs activate the ROCK signaling to enhance breast cancer metastasis. Therefore, the correlation between PCB exposure and breast cancer risk warrants further careful investigations. Accession Number: WOS:000278263500003 ISSN: 1674-7291 Record 30 of 134 Title: Environmental Oestrogens and Breast Cancer: Evidence for Combined Involvement of Dietary, Household and Cosmetic Xenoestrogens Author(s): Darbre, PD (Darbre, Philippa D.); Charles, AK (Charles, Amelia K.) Source: ANTICANCER RESEARCH Volume: 30 Issue: 3 Pages: 815-827 Published: MAR 2010 Abstract: Many environmental compounds with oestrogenic activity are measurable in the human breast and oestrogen is a known factor in breast cancer development. Exposure to environmental oestrogens occurs through diet, household products and cosmetics, but concentrations of single compounds in breast tissue are generally lower than needed for assayable oestrogenic responses. Results presented here and elsewhere demonstrate that in combination, chemicals can give oestrogenic responses at lower concentrations, which suggests that in the breast, low doses of many compounds could sum to give a significant oestrogenic stimulus. Updated incidence figures show a continued disproportionate incidence of breast cancer in Britain in the upper outer quadrant of the breast. which is also the region to which multiple cosmetic chemicals are applied. Conclusion: If exposure to complex mixtures of oestrogenic chemicals in consumer products is a factor in breast cancer development, then a strategy for breast cancer prevention could become possible. Accession Number: WOS:000276561300016 ISSN: 0250-7005 Record 31 of 134 Title: Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) serum concentrations in healthy children and adolescents: Relationship to level of contamination by DDT-derivative pesticides Author(s): Zumbado, M (Zumbado, Manuel); Luzardo, OP (Luzardo, Octavio P.); Lara, PC (Lara, Pedro C.); Alvarez-Leon, EE (Alvarez-Leon, Eva E.); Losada, A (Losada, Antonio); Apolinario, R (Apolinario, Rosa); Serra-Majem, L (Serra-Majem, Lluis); Boada, LD (Boada, Luis D.) Source: GROWTH HORMONE & IGF RESEARCH Volume: 20 Issue: 1 Pages: 63-67 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2009.07.003 Published: FEB 2010 Abstract: Context: Serum levels of Insulin-like growth factor I (IGIF-I) play a critical role in children growth and in the pathogenesis of several diseases. In addition, recent Studies suggest that DDT-derivative organochlorine pesticides (OC-DDTs) could influence IGF levels in human beings. Objective and design: Because it has been suggested that IGF-I peak levels at puberty could determine IGF-I levels in adulthood, we developed a cross-sectional study of the potential association between serum levels of OC-DDTs and IGF system in 160 serum samples from young people (81 boys and 79 girls) living in the Canary Islands (Spain). Results: Multivariate tests were used adjusting for confounding variables (age, height, and weight) and stratifying by gender and age: IGF-I serum levels were significantly lower in pre-pubertal male children (6-15 years) who showed detectable Values of p,p’-DDE, and p,p’-DDD than in pre-pubertal male children with undetectable levels of these OC-DDT’s-metabolites (p = 0.023 and p = 0.049, respectively). In addition, in this multivariate model, a non-linear dose-response curve was observed between Total DDT body burden (sum of the three DDT-derivatives measured: p,p’-DDT, p,p’-DDE, and p,p’-DDD) and IGF-I in prepubertal male children (6-15 years; p = 0.043). Conclusion: These findings Suggest that OC-DDTs Could modulate the IGF-system in a way that is highly influenced by gender and age. Improvements in our understanding of exogenous determinants of the IGF-system may provide new insights into the role played by environmental contaminants in IGF-related diseases. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Accession Number: WOS:000274959300009 ResearcherID Numbers: Zumbado, Manuel B-4495-2010 ISSN: 1096-6374 Record 32 of 134 Title: Concentration of selected persistent organic pollutants in blood from delivering women in South Africa Author(s): Rollin, HB (Rollin, H. B.); Sandanger, TM (Sandanger, T. M.); Hansen, L (Hansen, L.); Channa, K (Channa, K.); Odland, JO (Odland, J. O.) Source: SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT Volume: 408 Issue: 1 Pages: 146-152 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.08.049 Published: DEC 15 2009 Abstract: Environmental exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) may cause detrimental health effects in the population with the developing foetus and infants being at highest risk. This paper reports on the findings of the pilot study that took place in seven geographical regions of South Africa, 96 pregnant women admitted for delivery participated in the study. The following selected POPs were analysed in maternal plasma: 15 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) congeners (IUPAC No. 28, 52, 99, 101, 105, 118, 138, 149, 153, 156, 170, 180, 183, 187, 194): six DDT metabolites (dichlordiphenyltrichloroethane p,p’-DDT and o,p’-DDT; diphenyldichloroethylene p,p’-DDE and o,p’-DDE, dichlorophenylethane p,p’-DDD o,p’-DDD) and other pesticides such as hexachlorocyclohexames (alpha-HCH, beta-HCH, gamma-HCH), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), heptachlor, chlordanes (t-CD and c-CD), nanochlors (t-NC and c-NC) and mirex. The overall results showed large regional differences with the rural site having the lowest levels for all measured contaminants. The levels of PCB congeners were found to be low in all samples and across all sites. DDT metabolites were detected in most participants of this study and large regional differences were evident. Two malaria endemic sites, where indoor residual spraying (IRS) with DDT takes place to control malaria vector, were included in the study. The highest levels of DDTs were measured in the coastal malaria site (Indian Ocean) with geometric means of 5177 ng/g lipid and 1797 ng/g lipid for p,p’-DDE and p,p’-DDT, and 1966 ng/g lipid and 726 ng/g lipid for p,p’-DDE and p,p’-DDT in inland malaria site. gamma-HCH was found to be elevated overall, except for the urban community; the highest levels were measured in the inland and coastal malaria sites. p,p’-DDT and gamma-HCH were however not correlated, indicating different sources. The high DDT levels in the malaria spraying regions as well as the elevated gamma-HCH levels are of concern and call for extended monitoring of women and children in selected regions. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Accession Number: WOS:000272329700019 ISSN: 0048-9697 Record 33 of 134 Title: Global Status of DDT and Its Alternatives for Use in Vector Control to Prevent Disease Author(s): van den Berg, H (van den Berg, Henk) Source: ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES Volume: 117 Issue: 11 Pages: 1656-1663 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.0900785 Published: NOV 2009 Abstract: OBJECTIVE: I review the status of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), used for disease vector control, along with current evidence on its benefits and risks in relation to the available alternatives. DATA SOURCES AND EXTRACTION: Contemporary data on DDT use were largely obtained from questionnaires and reports. I also conducted a Scopus search to retrieve published articles. DATA SYNTHESIS: DDT has been recommended as part of the arsenal of insecticides available for indoor residual spraying until suitable alternatives are available. Approximately 14 countries use DDT for disease control, and several countries are preparing to reintroduce DDT. The effectiveness of DDT depends on local settings and merits close consideration in relation to the alternatives. Concerns about the continued use of DDT are fueled by recent reports of high levels of human exposure associated with indoor spraying amid accumulating evidence on chronic health effects. There are signs that more malaria vectors are becoming resistant to the toxic action of DDT, and that resistance is spreading to new countries. A comprehensive cost assessment of DDT versus its alternatives that takes side effects into account is missing. Effective chemical methods are available as immediate alternatives to DDT, b
    • Não deu certo. Não sabia que o wordpress limitava o número de caracteres por comentário. Não irei fazer o levantamento novamente, mas quem fizer, verá que existem estudos inconclusivos, vários que sugerem efeitos deletérios em aspectos da súde humana relacionados a cancer, e todos recomendam mais estudos. Logo, o princípio de precaução é perfeitamente válido neste caso, como defendeu Rachel Carson.

  3. Roberto.

    Estou olhando atentamente um por um dos abstracts, como tu sabes a minha formação em bioquímica é extremamente limitada, logo demorarei algum tempo para dar uma resposta ao assunto, pois mesmo somente 33 artigos me darão muita dor de cabeça.
    Só posso concluir, produto de uma leitura na diagonal dos 13 primeiros, que as conclusões são extremamente fracas e algumas, como a #12, não parecem ter muito relação com o assunto.

    A única conclusão que cheguei até o momento que a persistência desses compostos no corpo humano é grande, algo que já era mais ou menos concesso. Agora quanto a correlação direta e inequívoca entre câncer e DDT (em concentrações razoáveis), não é tão clara assim. E veja, estes artigos que estás colocando são artigos que foram feitos no momento que não há o mínimo interesse da indústria química em ressuscitar o DDT como arma para combate a malária.

    Poderias me enviar somente o título e o periódico, que tratarei de olha-los, aguardo as restantes referências.

    Agora Roberto, voltando ao princípio da precaução, quantas pessoas morreram a mais com o abandono do uso do DDT, temos que ver o seguinte, o princípio da precaução deveria servir também para os povos que pressionados pelos organismos internacionais, abandonaram o uso do DDT e por não possuírem dinheiro para inseticidas mais caros deixaram que a Malária avançasse de novo.

    • Oi Rogerio,

      Não estão todos artigos aí. Como disse, eu queria colocar todos, mas o wordpress só permite um número limitado de caracteres nos comentários. Eu não sabia, e fiz direto aqui. Ou seja, perdi boa parte do meu trabalho, que mostra os resultados que assinalei no meu comentário anterior.

      OK quanto a seu último argumento. Porém, se o DDT realmente causar doenças, as mesmas pessoas não terão dinheiro para se tratar destas doenças. Ou seja, resolve-se (?) o problema da malária, mas não o de outras doenças potenciais. O cobertor é curto. Além disso, o DDT acumula-se na cadeia alimentar. Ou seja, afeta-se não somente as populações mais diretamente afetadas pela malária, mas também outras.

      Quais as opções?

      Algumas:
      1. Não usar o DDT, ao qual os mosquitos transmissores já apresentam, há anos, resistência, mas outros inseticidas, menos tóxicos para mamíferos.
      2. Não usar inseticidas, e sim remédios para tratar a malária, aos quais o Plasmodium (parasita causador da doença) também já apresenta resistência.
      3. Melhorar as condições de vida, higiene, ambientais onde vivem as pessoas mais pobres e que são mais severamente afetadas pelas doenças.
      4. Todas as alternativas de 1 a 3.

      Alguma outra racional?

      O DDT não é a única solução.

      abraços,
      Roberto

  4. Roberto.

    Vou inverter o problema, se a malária fosse uma doença típica de países frios e industrializados, e o DDT só acumulasse em africanos e nestes causassem câncer, certamente este inseticida estaria em uso até que ela fosse erradicada nos países do Norte!
    Veja, depois de erradicada a malária no sul dos USA, e em outras regiões mais desenvolvidas, pensou-se simplesmente pelo princípio da precaução (já que não é claro e inequívoca a relação entre a presença de pequenas concentrações de DDT com carcinomas).

    Para encurtar o assunto, vou colocar aqui uma parte do texto que pode ser retirado do site de nada mais nada menos da Organização Mundial de Saúde. de julho de 2009, que ratifica o uso do DDT para combate da malária, chamo a atenção que experts de todo o mundo na convenção de Estocolmo conseguiram evitar que o DDT fosse declarado veneno e se retomou o controle da malária pelo DDT:

    (http://www.who.int/malaria/publications/who_ddt_malaria_control-june.pdf).

    “The WHO position on the use of DDT for malaria control remains unchanged. WHO still supports the use of DDT for malaria control, wherever this choice of insecticide is justified by considerations of cost-effectiveness and insecticide resistance, and provided that WHO guidelines are followed strictly. DDT is still needed and used for disease vector control simply because in some places there is no alternative of equivalent efficacy and operational feasibility……
    …..
    Scientific evidence on the toxicity of DDT and its metabolites is kept under review by WHO and is currently being assessed formally3. To date, no change has been warranted in the existing WHO recommendations on the use of DDT for indoor residual insecticide spraying3 (IRS) for vector control
    ……”
    Em outras publicações a Organização Mundial da Saúde, deixa claro que a malária tem os seguintes índices de morbidez 985 000 em 2000 baixando para 781 000 em 2009 (após ter sido retomado em muitos países o uso do DDT em pulverização de casas), sendo que em anos anteriores a estes atingiu-se uma taxa de mortes de 1,5 milhões de crianças por ano em todo mundo (especialmente na África).

    Veja, se esta senhora não tivesse feito a sua campanha contra o DDT, atrasando a campanha de erradicação da malária por mais de 30 anos, talvez tivéssemos economizado a vida de algumas dezenas de milhões de pessoas em nome dos falcãozinho norte-americanos e talvez (digo, claramente TALVEZ) algum aumento de incidência do câncer em países em que a malária já havia sido erradicada.

    Ou seja, provavelmente Rachel Carson, tenha conseguido matar mais gente do que Hitler e Stalin juntos, mas para felicidade de muitos, estas pessoas mortas não foram nos grandes países do Norte.

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